Four-wave mixing

Four-wave mixing (FWM) is an intermodulation phenomenon in non-linear optics, whereby interactions between two or three wavelengths produce two or one new wavelengths. It is similar to the third-order intercept point in electrical systems. Four-wave mixing can be compared to the intermodulation distortion in standard electrical systems. It is a parametric nonlinear process, in that the energy of the incoming photons is conserved. FWM is a phase-sensitive process, in that the efficiency of the process is strongly affected by phase matching conditions.

Mechanism

When three frequencies (f₁, f₂, and f₃) interact in a nonlinear medium, they give rise to a fourth wavelength (f₄) which is formed by the scattering of the incident photons, producing the fourth photon.
Given inputs f₁, f₂, and f₃, the nonlinear system will produce

${\displaystyle \pm f_{1}\pm f_{2}\pm f_{3}}$

with the most damaging signals to system performance calculated as

${\displaystyle f_{ijk}=f_{i}+f_{j}-f_{k},\mathrm {where} \,i,j\neq k}$

since these frequencies will lie close to one of the incoming frequencies.
From calculations with the three input signals, it is found that 12 interfering frequencies are produced, three of which lie on one of original incoming frequencies.

Non-degenerate four-wave mixing^[1]

Four-wave mixing is also present if only two components interact. In this case the term

${\displaystyle f_{0}=f_{1}+f_{1}-f_{2}}$

couples three components, thus generating so-called non-degenerate four-wave mixing, showing identical properties as in case of three interacting waves.

Deleterious effects of FWM in fiber-optic communications

FWM is a fiber-optic characteristic that affects wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems, where multiple optical wavelengths are spaced at equal intervals or channel spacing. The effects of FWM are pronounced with decreased channel spacing of wavelengths (such as in dense WDM systems) and at high signal power levels. High chromatic dispersion decreases FWM effects, as the signals lose coherence, or in other words, increases the phase mismatch. The interference FWM caused in WDM systems is known as interchannel crosstalk. FWM can be mitigated by using uneven channel spacing or fiber that increases dispersion.